Macedonian

Macedonian

Macedonian

Macedonian

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

Greek

Greek

Greek

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

Albanian

Albanian

Albanian

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

Aromanian

Aromanian

Aromanian

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

Macedonian

Macedonian

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

Greek

Greek

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

Albanian

Albanian

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

Aromanian

Aromanian

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.


 

Albanian

 

Aromanian

 

Greek

 

Macedonian


grass (edible for the livestock)

bar (general); tërfil (clean and dense wild grass, good for lifestock) [As.Z.]

eárbã (grass), verdeatsã (green vegetation, leafes etc.), liváδi (grass on pasture) [Mets.]
ĭárbã [Palok.]
tãrfolj (when clean, hearty, strong, good for livestock) [Ming.]

 

λιβάδι [Bul.]
λιβάδι, βοσκότοπος, χορτάρι, λιβάδι [Kan.]
χορτάρι, κλαδί: τσ̆έρο (wild), πλάτσ̆ικο (med), βαλάνι (tame), ταΐμια, απολυσ̆ιά [Lav.]
βοσκή, λιβάδι [Liv.]
χόρτο, χορτάρ’ [Pram.]
λιβάδι (πουρνάρι, ζ̆ελενιά, δέντρος, γράβος, τσερμουτζέλα, κουμπαριά, χορτάρι) [Suli]
χορτάρ’, γρασίδι (wild), χασίλια (seeded)[Tsep.]

tréva [Gllob.]
tréa [Vern.]
tréva / séno „stegnó“, cf. kúpeno séno [Sid.]
tréva [Nest.Sl.]
tréva / séno [Trig.]


grass, weeds (inedible for the livestock)

krunde, hime (left over from sifting flour) [As.Z.]
farë e keqe, krunde (flour waste) [Niv.]
krunde, hime [Kol.]

grunʣî [Mets.]
tãrtsã (arrãmãni cãndu ntsirrãm frina) [Ming.]
crundz / ĭerbur pl., ĭarbă uscată (dried up) [Palok.]

πίτυρα [Bul.]
πίτουρα, πουσουνάδια (they were used as food for the chicken) [Kan.]
πίτερα (they were used with salt as chicken food) [Lav.]
πίτερα [Liv.]
σ(υ)νάλευρα [Pram.]
πίτουρα [Suli]
N/A [Tsep.]

detél'ina, ból'ivač, jóndže, kəlug'érička [Gllob.]
trífil', kóncka tréva, kósina, tróska, žumbríca, l'úl'e ot sɤ́rce, ósil' [Vern.]
dif trífil', lasáta tréva, sadína, jónče / g'ónče [Sid.]
trefíl'i, karabučák'i, grəšína [Nest.Sl.]
tréfil', jónče [Trig.]


What does the shepherd do on the pasture? (graze)

mbaj dhën; kam bagëti; kullos dhëntë / bariu kullot dhëntë, bravare = cangadhe (scarce cattle of the village) [As.Z.]

ʦînu oi / tipote, hărnescu oi / tipote, amu oi / tipote, pascu / pascu nămalʲi, pascu oi, amu nămalʲi; tipote= livestock as an asset; nămalʲi = livestock as biological concept [Mets.]
am oi / tutiputã; past oili; picurarru pashti oili, bãrvãrrã (few sheep in the village) [Ming.]
picuraru pašti oĭli [Palok.]

φ’λάω, φιλάω, βοσκάω, βόσκω [Kan.]
πάω το κοπάδι να το βοσκήσω [Liv.]
αμολάω τα πρόβατα [Lav.]
είμαι τσ̆έλιγκας, κάνω κουμάντο [Pram.]
κρατάω / βαστάω / βόσκω ζώα [Suli]

dɤ́rža wófci / i pásam 1 sg., dɤ́ržam ófci [Vern.]
dɤ́rže živɔtíni / pása živɔtíni [Sid.]
dɤ́rže brávi [Nest.Sl.]
jas i pása ófcite [Trig.]


What does the herd do on the pasture? (graze)

kullosin, dhëntë kullosin/ kullos dhëntë [As.Z.]

pascu [Mets.]
pasc, oĭli pasc [Palok.]

βοσκάω [Kan.]
βοσκάει [Liv.]
βόσκω [Pram.]

i pásam 1 sg., pási 3 sg., páse 3 pl. [Gllob.]
pásat brávite / i pásam 1 sg. [Vern.]
páse ófcite 3 sg. [Sid.]
i pása 1 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
ófcite pása vo l'iváda [Trig.]


going to the pasture at sunrise

shkulim dhëntë pa dire (before dawn/sunrise, esp. in autumn) [As.Z.]
shkulim dhentë pa dirë (in July and August) [Niv.]
shkulim pa dire [Kol.]

pascu nedatu soarle, pascu oile nedată soarle, pascu oile nedatu soarle [Mets.]
arrim oili ni-apritã; scutem oili tahina [Kell.]
yarba di toamna; si apuna tutiputa tu rrãdzãmu di munti [Ming.]
li scot táhina [Palok.]

σκάρος [Kan.]
σκαρίζω [Liv.]
τα βγάζω νωρίς [Pram.]
σκαρίζω [Suli]

pásam ráno; déncko / nóšno paséjne [Gllob.]
utrínckoto paséjne [Vern.]
pása na zóra, na ránɔtɔ 1 sg. [Sid.]
i pása 1 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
pása pred da ogrée sɤ́nce 1 sg. [Trig.]


grazing after noon

i kullos dhentë nga qindia [Kell.]
nxjerrim dhentë nga tëna[Niv.]
nxjerrim dhëntë nga tëna[Kol.]

pascu dipu prănʣu, pascu te merinde, pascu di cătră seară [Mets.]
li scot oili ti mãrindi [Kell.]
li scot ti merindi [Palok.]

μαζεύω, τα’ χω στον ίσκιο [Kan.]
description of σκάρος: Τα κινούσαμε έξι η ώρα τ’ απόγεμα, τα πηγαίναμε στο ποτάμ, τα δίναμε νερό, κι όλη νύχτα μέχρι 10 η ώρα πήγαιναν στο στάλο. Αφού κοιμόνταν τα σηκώναμε τη νύχτα. Μια δυο ώρες βοσκή, σκάρος λέγεται, τα σκαρίζουμε. Τότε τρώγαμε καψάλες, βγάζαμε το τυροφάι, τυρί και ελιές. [Lav.]
τα σκαρίζω (σκάρος) [Pram.]
σκάρος [Suli]

pásam na pládn'ina (mbazdíte), rúček (mezdíte) [Gllob.]
popládnoto paséjne (cf. nóšno) [Vern.]
pása na pládina 1 sg. [Sid.]
pása kóga izlégva sónceto 1 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
pása na pládne // pládna 1 sg. [Trig.]


driving the herd in the shade during the midday heat

mërzej dhentë në hije të lisit për mërzim [Kell.]
frënxat -e [Liv.Al.]
mone [Pic.]
tendë [Këll.]
mërzim [Shk.]
shpiem për mërzim në hije / në tënë[Niv.]
mërzejnë në hije / në tënë [Kol.]

ameriʣă oile, acăʦară aumbră, ducu tu ameriʣu šădu tu aumbră, oile ameriʣă, le băgai tu ameriʣu [Mets.]
duc oili tu amãridzu / oili amãridzã sum aumbrã di oaɫbãri[Ming.]
li amărʣeam tu staɫe [Palok.]

σταλίζουν [Bul.]
σταλίζω (shepherd), σταλίζουν (animals) [Kan.]
σταλ(ν)άνε [Lav.]
σταλίζουν [Liv.]
σταλίζουν [Pram.]
βάζω στο στάλο (shepherd), σταλίζουν (animals) [Suli]

nádvor i léžeme nóšje, i léžeme, merízve 3 pl. / ófcite léže f kopáčk'i (gábrica, dɤ́brica, sladún'ica) [Gllob.]
sédat na méris / merízvet 3 pl.[Vern.]
né i nósime na sélɔtɔ, i klávame na méris / sénla 1 pl., merízve 3 pl. [Sid.]
pása kóga kácvi sónceto 1 sg., i kládom[e] na legáloto šo právi goreščína, legáloto = merízve 3 pl., smɤ́rde [Nest.Sl.]
i bíra ófcite vo sélo, cf. goreščínata, i zátvora vo kótaro, ofcite merízve pot sénka 3 pl. [Trig.]


General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

location in the shade where the herd waits out the midday heat

frënxat -e [Liv.Al.]
mone [Pic.]
tendë [Këll.]
tënë [Lab.]
mërzim [Rab.]
mërzim [Shk.]

ameriʣu [Mets.]
amãridzu [Ming.]
amăríʣ, amăriʣ tu aumbre, tu pom, sum copač [Palok.]

στάλος (under the tree), φραντζάτος (artificial)[Bul.]
στάλος, στάλος [Kan.]
στάλος ή τσ̆αρδάκι (self made)[Lav.]
στάλος, φραντζ̆άτο (from wood andβλάχουρο)[Liv.]
στάλος [Pram.]
στάλος [Suli]

mjéris / ná-mjeris [Gllob.]
méris [Vern.]
na gɔreščínata i klávame na méris 1 pl. [Sid.]
počívee nat sénka 3 pl. [Nest.Sl.]
méris, mérizo [Trig.]


noise heard when the herd eats grass (munching, plucking)

dhentë ripërtypen [Kell.]
rrateri (ripërtypen)[Niv.]
përtypen [Kol.]

arumicare, aroamică, aromicare [Mets.]
si arrómăge [Palok.]

μαρκιούνται [Bul.]
μασούλημα, μαρκιέται [Kan.]
μαρκιόνται, μουσ̆αλνιένται [Lav.]
μαρκιούνται [Liv.]
αμαρκιόνται / αναχαράζουν [Pram.]
αμαρκιούνται [Suli]
μαρκιούνται [Tsep.]

jáde, páse [Gllob.]
répet tréva grəp, grəp, grəp (cf. rópti - hit) [Vern.]
rópti, rópte 3 sg., pl. [Nest.Sl.]
páse 3 sg. [Trig.]


bringing the herd to the pasture, leading them

shkulëm dhentë për kullotë [As.Z.]
i nxjerrim për kullotë[Niv.]

sărîmu oile, scotu te păšteare, sărîmu oile te la păšteare, scotu oile la păšteare, sărîmu oile [Mets.]
arrim oili ti pishteri [Kell.]
li scot oili, li scot tu livaδi, li scot ti pašteri [Palok,]

βγάζω τα ζώα για βοσκή [Kan.]
ανοίγω τη ρούγα [Lav.]

i nósam na pásejne [Gllob.]
púštame [Vern.]
nósime 1 pl., jáska i nósa 1 sg., cf. kárame 1 pl. [Sid.]
i púšči 3 sg. aor., i nósa 1 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
izvam ófcite da páse [Trig.]


grazing together on joint pastures

bashkëpunojmë me barinj të tjerë [As.Z.]
nimojmë njëri tjetrin në qethje[Niv.]
përzitës (nimijmë njëri tjatrin) [Kol.]

ɫucrãm stog; ni agiutãm ca picurar [Ming.]
ni adunem stog [Palok.]

σμίγω τα ζώα / σμίξιμο, σμίγω [Kan.]
τα σμίγουμε [Suli]
για βόθειο: ούλοι οι τσ̆ομπαναραίοι [Tsep.]

tri túfi, páseme záedno [Gllob.]
drúátvo; i zaméšvame / mešán'i (bel'ézi) [Vern.]
i zamésame wofcite 1 pl., bəkatárcko imájne [Sid.]
uderíca, záedno i páse 3 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
se zadrížvam so druk [Trig.]


damage to vegetation from the herd feeding

dëm [As.Z.]
dëm [Kell.]

zńie tu agri, spărgeare, adrămu zńie, adrašî zńie tu agru [Mets.]
znjii; znjii tu ayur di gãrru [Ming.]
znjíi [Palok.]

ζημιά [Bul.]
ζημιά [Kan.]
ζημιά [Lav.]
ζημιά [Liv.]
ζημιά [Pram.]
ζημιά [Suli]
ζημιά [Tsep.]

štéta / zíjan [Gllob.]
naprái záran [Vern.]
zían na báščata [Sid.]
zían [Nest.Sl.]
zíen šo práe ófcite [Trig.]


fines for the damage on vegetation and agriculture

rojtari çmon dëmin; paguan dëmin [Kell.]

curmare zńie, păltire, yinea păndarlu de nă curma, ńi curmă zńie apocuparlu [Mets.]
pandarru curmã znjia, pulteshti znjia [Ming.]
păndaru, cf. apocoparu; dënimi [Palok.]

πλερώνω τη ζημιά που ποκόβει ο ποκοπάρης (pl. ποκοπάρηδες, ποκοπαραίοι) [Bul.]
ζημιά / πληρώνω τη ζημιά, πληρώνω τη ζημιά [Kan.]
ερχόταν ο δραγάτ’ς [ήταν του κράτους] έκοβε τη ζημιά. πλήρωνες. Ή ο ποκοπάρ’ς [τον όριζε το χωριό]. [Lav.]
γκιόμπα (and alb. gjoba) [Liv.]
πληρωμή (according to the estimation of the assessor) [Pram.]
τσ̆ομπανόσκυλο [Pram.]
πληρώνω τη ζημιά [Suli]
ο αποκοπάρος εκτιμούσε τη ζημιά που γενότανε [Tsep.]

plátvam 1 sg., pláti 3 sg., a séčet n'ívata / Ïóba [Gllob.]
da se pláti / da se izmíe [Vern.]
gɔ plátam zíano 1 sg. [Sid.]
go pláti zíano 3 sg. [Nest.Sl.]
da pláta zíano 1 sg. [Trig.]


pasture (general)

kullota / vend për kullota [Kell.]

locu te păšteare[Mets.]
pishuni; ɫoc lju pashti tutiputa [Kell.]
loc ti păšteri, munti, arriu, padi, çahiri, livaδi [Palok.]

λιβάδι, βοσκοτόπι, λιβάδι [Kan.]
λιβάδι, χειμαδιά (winter pasture), βοσκότοπος (general), λιβάδι στο βουνό (meadows in the mountains), μπαΐρι (not seeded fields) [Lav.]
λιβάδι [Liv.]
λ’βάδι, τόπια. explanation: από τα σταλίδια και κάτ’ το κρατάγανε καθαρολίβαδο. Από τα σταλιά επάνω ήταν ορεινό, για τα στέρφα: στερφολίβαδο. Απ’ το Γενάρη και μετά κρατούσαν μια έκταση για τ’ αρνιά: αρνολίβαδο. [Pram.]
βοσκοτόπι [Tsep.]

kulóta / pasčište [Gllob.]
pasel'íšče / pasel'íšte, pasavíšče, seltener pasaovíšče [Sid.]
pasovíšče, cf. ðásos = plan'ína „forest, pasture“ = órman „forest“ [Nest.Sl.]
mésto šo pásat ófcite / pasél'išče [Trig.]


pasture on the plain

fushë [Kell.]

cãmp[Kell.]
kεmp [Palok.]

λιβάδι, χέρσα λιβάδια (non sheeded meadows), χασίλια (seeded meadows)
λιβάδι [Kan.]
λιβάδι [Lav.]
κάμπος / στα πλάγια (for mountainous place) [Pram.]

pasšišče / pasčište [Gllob.]
l'ivácko / pólcko / rícko [Vern.]
pasavíšče na pól'je, cf.samo planina [Sid.]
pasovíšče na pól'je(to) [Nest.Sl.]
pasél'išče / batal'íšče / órn'ica (some years out of use) [Trig.]


pasture in the forest

i kullos në pyll [Kell.]

pascu tu pădure [Mets.]
păduri [Palok.]

σ̆ιαδαράκι (clearing, open place) [Bul.]
χερσαίο, κλείσμα (clearing, closed around) [Kan.]
ίσιωμα, ξέφωτο, λακκιά (άμα είναι γούρα) [Lav.]
ανοιχτό [Liv.]
λάκκα, λακκούλα / ξέφωτο [Pram.]
ξίσκιωτο [Suli]
λάκκα, σ̆ιάδι [Tsep.]

i pásam f plán'ina, po ledín'k'ite [Gllob.]
f šúma (not practised) [Vern.]
pasavíšče na órman [Sid.]
pasovíšče na plan'ína / na órman [Nest.Sl.]
pádina vo órmano [Trig.]


fallow pasture that is alternately grazed and sown in summer

not practised; can be described: arë që përdoret për kullotë verore dhe më vonë për mbjellje të tjera [Kell.]

not practised; can be described: ayur ti pishteri tutiputa viara shi ma nipoi si siamnã [Ming.]

χέρισο [Bul.]
--- [Kan.]
στείρο, καλαμιά, μπαϊρι [Lav.]
χέρσο [Liv.]
χέρσο [Pram.]

n'ívjeto, cf. ásəl - ərá [Gllob.]
pədíncko pasél'išče (za kósejne) n'íva [Vern.]
í za n'íva, í za paséjne kóga požn'íeš n'ívata [Sid.]
n'íve pl. [Nest.Sl.]
n'íva [Trig.]


field released for grazing after the grain has been harvested

not usual, but can be described: arë që përdoret për kullotë pas korrjeve/ pasi korret gruri, përdoret për kullotë[Kell.]

livăʣî tălʲeate te sărghire, livade tălʲeată (The pasture of Metsovo bordered the grasslands of the settlement. The grazing in them was allowed after the July 20 feast of the Prophet Elijah where the harvest of the grass was completed.) [Mets.]
not usual, but can be described: ayur ti pishteri tutiputa dupu tiljara a gãrru i alltã tsi esti simnatã [Ming.]
not usual [Palok.]

σ’ταραμιά, καλαμποκιά, καλαμιά [Bul.]
καλαμιές [Kan.]
καλαμιά [Lav.]
καλαμιά [Liv.]
ελεύθερο [Pram.]
καλαμιά (for the corn fields) [Tsep.]

N/A, stɤ́rn'iáte – soloma, ne jádat!
úgar –
not practised [Gllob.]
stərn'íáte – n'íva požnáta [Vern.]
stərn'íšče [Sid.]
stərn'íšče, ugári pl., púšča ófcite na ugáriti [Nest.Sl.]
órn'ica / stɤ́rn'išče / úgar [Trig.]


permanent pasture land owned by the village and used by many shepherds

musha fshati; kullotë e përbashkët e fshatit, që nuk shitet (not for sale) [Kell.]
vend pa zot (ownerless) [As.Z.]

mušeao loc’lu a hoarelʲi, mušeao [Mets.]
mušau ali hoari; esti ti pishteri tutiputa ali hoari [Kell.]
mušε, nu-i la vεr [Palok.]

αλιγέρι (free), μουσ̆άς [Bul.]
μουσ̆άς, κοινοτικό, μουσ̆άδια, παραβόλα (general for communal pasture lands)[Kan.]
μουσ̆ά [Lav.]
κοινοτικό, μουσ̆ά του χωριού, μεσάρι ("ownerless" space between two permanent communal pasture lands) [Liv.]
κοινοτικό, μουσ̆άς [Pram.]
μουσ̆άς [Tsep.]

glóbočko, sélsko pasčište, sínor granica vladenij sela (for the between) [Gllob.]
célo svíčko sélcko, for the delimitations between: zágradec, bítincko, bíl'išča, kapéščica [Vern.]
pasavíšče sélcko, pasavíšče čifl'ik, pasavíšče na sajbíja / səjbíckɔ [Sid.]
sélcko pasovíšče, na nášto sélo, čifl'ík [Nest.Sl.]
sélcka órn'ica [Trig.]


fenced-off pasture land

kullotë e rrethuar [As.Z.]

not practised [Mets.]
pishuni ngãrditã [Ming.]
kemp gărdit [Palok.]

κυκλωμένο [Bul.]
φραγμένο, κλείσμα (το) [Kan.]
μπαχτσ̆ές [Liv.]
περίβολος [Suli]

sogradéno [Gllob.]
pasavíšče sɔgradénɔ [Sid.]
sogradéno pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
sógradena l'ívada [Trig.]


goat pasture near the house

kullotë për dhi / mera për dhië / musha fshati për dhi [As.Z.]

locu te păšteare căprile, locu te căpri, mereao a căprilor; mereao: use of land, always used combined, e.g. mereao a oilor (sheep pastures), mereao a agrilor (fields) [Mets.]
livaδi [Palok.]

κήπος, χωράφι, --- [Kan.]
αυλαγάς [Lav.]
--- [Suli]

sɤ́lte toĭ šo go íma sogradéno [Gllob.]
bl'ízu do kɤ́ščata [Vern.]
pasavíšče dókri kɤ́ščata [Sid.]
pasovíšče osprédi na kɤ́ščata [Nest.Sl.]
jónče dókraj kúk'a [Trig.]


pasture for dairy sheep

kullotë për pëlla[As.Z.]

locu te mătritse, locu te mătritse, livadea a mătritselor [Mets.]
ɫoc ti pishteri mitritsili [Ming.]
livaδi, --- [Palok.]

λιβάδι, χασίλι, λιβάδι [Kan.]
γαλαρολίβαδο / γαλαρ’τόπι / ημερόγεια [Lav.]
γαλαρολίβαδο [Pram.]
--- [Suli]

ná se jáloĭte, ná se məlzn'ícite [Gllob.]
pasel'íšče na rodénte ófci [Vern.]
pasavíšče za məlzn'íci / mléčn'i [Sid.]
pasovíšče ja / za mléčn'i [Nest.Sl.]
xasílja gr. [Trig.]


winter pasture

kullotë dimërore / vërri, meratë e dimrit [As.Z.]
kullotë [Kell.]
fushë (plains), poshtë ("below"). hjimadhi [Liv.Al.]
kullotë dimërore, arë ("the fields"), mera në dimër [Pic.]

arniu (as stage of the annual livestock cycle), mandră (winter settings of a livestock unit), arniu la mandră [Mets.]
yarba ti yarra / arriu; pishuni ti yarra[Ming.]
arriu, mandra di iarra, biloc di iarra [Palok.]

λιβάδι [Kan.]
λιβάδι, χειμαδιά [Lav.]
κάμπος, στον κάμπo [Pram.]
χειμερ(ι)νό [Suli]

zímno [Gllob.]
zímcko [Vern.]
zímckɔ pasavíšče [Sid.]
zímsko pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
zímskɔ pasél'išče [Trig.]


autumn pasture

kullotë vjeshtake / ulemi pak më poshtë nga kullota e malit [As.Z.]
rrugës për në kodër (on the way in the hills) [Liv.Al.]
kullotë vjeshtore [Pic.]
kullotë vjeshtore [Shk.]

tomnăriu, tomnăriu, tomnaticu [Mets.]
iarba ti toamna; si apuna tutiputa tu rrãdzãmu di munti [Ming.]
ti toamna - munti [Palok.]

[του κάμπου είναι γλυκότερο] [Bul.]
λιβάδι, λιβάδι [Kan.]
χιονοπώρ’ [Lav.]
χειμωνιάτικο [Pram.]

ésensko [Gllob.]
eséncko [Vern.]
esénckɔ paséjne [Sid.]
esénsko pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
esénskɔ pasél'išče [Trig.]


spring pasture

kullotë pranverore[As.Z.]

primuveriu (also toponym closed to the winter pasture for the grazing of the lambs; also a higher place of the late winter pasture) [Mets.]
ti prămveara (better grass in springtime); ɫa ʣini [Palok.]

λιβάδι, λιβάδι [Kan.]
ανοιξιάτικο [Pram.]

pról'etno [Gllob.]
prol'étno [Vern.]
proletéánɔ pasavíšče [Sid.]
prolécko / proléncko pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
próletnɔ pasél'išče [Trig.]


summer pasture in the forest zone of the mountains (clearings)

kullotat e malit [As.Z.]

veriu (summer phase of the annual livestock cycle with tseligats on mountain plateaus), lazenă (clearing)[Mets.]
tu ɫocu goll, fãri pãduri (for sheep); tu ɫocu cu pãduri (for goats) [Ming.]
veriu [Palok.]

 

[του βουνού έχει και φαρμάκι, χορτάρια στα ανήλια, γουρώματα] [Bul.]
λιβάδι, χερσαίο, λιβάδι [Kan.]
αρμάν’ (κλειστό) [Lav.]
σπανό (it has grass which doesn’t grow up a lot) [Pram.]
καλοκαιρ(ι)νό [Suli]

l'étno [Gllob.]
l'étno [Vern.]
létnɔ pasavíšče na órmano ili na gólɔ méstɔ, ɔtvɔrénɔ pasavíšče [Sid.]
l'etóšno pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
létnɔ pasél'išče [Trig.]


summer pasture in the mountains above the tree line

kullotat e malit [As.Z.]

tu ɫocu goɫ [Ming.]
gol [Palok.]

ζόρκο (antonym: ντυμένο[Bul.]
--- [Kan.]
γκόλιο [Lav.]
ζόρκο [Liv.]
γυμνό [Pram.]
ξέφωτο [Suli]

pasél'išče na plán'ina [Gllob.]
rícko / l'ivádje (nizko, s vodoĭ)
lendína – pədína (hoeher)
[Vern.]
pasavíšče na visóka plan'ína [Sid.]
pasovíšče góre na plan'ína, górnoto plan'íncko pasovíšče [Nest.Sl.]
plán'insko pasél'išče [Trig.]


cropped pastures that the herd has left

vend i ngrënë / bar i ngrënë / pa bar [As.Z.]

locu fricatu, s-frică loclu, nu are te păšteare, s-frică loclu, nu pascu oile, se adră tiɣane [Mets.]
ɫoc mãcat; yarbã mãcatã, fãri yarbã [Ming.]
măcate, fără iarbă [Palok.]

ριζάρι (antonym: παστρικό), απλωσ̆ά (place occupied by the flock in one day) [Bul.]
βοσκισμένο (field), φαγωμένο (field)
--- [Kan.]
φαγωμένο [Liv.]
βοσκισμένο [Pram.]
βοσκισμένο / φαγωμένο [Suli]

izjádeno / úgar / izédena l'ívada man weidet von 7 bis 7, melkt 2 mal [Gllob.]
paséno pasel'íšče [Vern.]
bitisánɔ / ispasénɔ pasavíšče [Sid.]
bitísa pasovíšče 3 sg.aor. [Nest.Sl.]
íspasénɔ pasél'išče [Trig.]


state of the pasture (quality levels)

kullotë e mire [As.Z.]

ayrište or ayriδe, mălăyie, imeraδe; e.g. loc’lu are mălăyie, loc’lu easte ayrište [Mets.]
munti bun; arriu bun[Ming.]

μαλαγιά (το καλής ποιότητας παστρικό [Bul.]
μήμερο / άγριο, βαρύς τόπος, χοντρότοπος, γρασερό, ήμερο, ημεράδα, αγρίλια [Kan.]
αγρίδ’, ήμερο [Lav.]
προσήλιο, βουνίσιο που το χτυπάει ο αέρας της θάλασ̆ας [Liv.]
--- [Pram.]

pó ubai pl., po pítomo pasóiáte [Gllob.]
ubávo / dóbro [Vern.]
pó blágɔ pasavíšče vs. pó dívɔ pasavíšče „eXi aärio horto“ [Sid.]
pó blága vs. pó díva ésti tas tréva [Nest.Sl.]
pó dóbri vs. pó dívi [Trig.]


field that can be cultivated, arable

arë (generic); arë e mire [Kell.]

agru (generic), vragu (cultivable field), μαλαγιά (best quality) [Mets.]
agur (generic), agur bun (good quality) [Ming.]

καλλιέργεια, χασίλι [Kan.]
γρασίδ’ [Lav.]
σπέρω βρωμάδες [Liv.]
κάμπος (antonym: στουρναροτόπ’) [Pram.]

n'íva [Gllob.]
n'íva [Vern.]
n'íva, cf.pól'je in sense of nizina (plain)[Sid.]
n'íva [Nest.Sl.]
n'íva [Trig.]


meadow, alpine pasture

livadh = kullota të vogla (small meadow) [Kell.]

livade (grasslands which are properties, used to harvest grass), vuloagă (any natural meadow) [Mets.]
livaδi [Ming.]
livaδi [Palok.]

N/P [Kan.]
λογγωμένο [Pram.]

l'édina [Gllob.]
l'ivádje, padína / lendína [Vern.]
l'iváda [Sid.]
l'iváða [Nest.Sl.]
l'iváða / l'ívada, se váda [Trig.]


supplies that the shepherd takes with him to pasture

trasta, trasta me bukë e bariut [Kell.]

tăime, mămgare, tăime mămgare prosfaiu [Mets.]
trastu di pãni; unã timi di pãni cu cash [Ming.]
măcare, lom tsi s-măcεm, trastu [Palok.]

τρόφιμα [Kan.]
ψωμί, ελιές, τυρί, κρεμμύδ’ [Pram.]

šo da íma: sírejn'e, l'ep, jájca, maštéjnca, mátare? [Gllob.]
tórbata, kɤ́rl'uko, burílce so vóda, l'ep, nóže, mušáma = gúna [Vern.]
súvɔ jadéjne: l'ep, siréjne, masl'ín'i [Sid.]
o-cél'i zéva: l'ep, sirejne [Nest.Sl.]
šo mu kláva stópanot / suf l'ep [Trig.]

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Albanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.
 

Aromanian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Macedonian

General answer
explications (2-3) and further "answers" (clear) about and against [Epirus], add FE4: whatever buy be aware (Kazantzákis) of the effect.

Greek