Information on the development of the research project
A distinctive feature of hot close-orbit exoplanets consists in the expansion and outflow of their upper atmospheres, ionized and heated by the UV and soft X-ray radiation of the parent stars. The outflowing partially ionized atmospheric material, interacting with the surrounding stellar wind plasma, forms a dynamical plasmasphere around the planet. Such plasmaspheres are a new object for astrophysics, which involves the photochemistry and collisional hydrodynamics of the planetary gas, as well as the specifics of the fast and collisionless stellar wind. The study and detailed modelling of the dynamics and structure of plasmaspheres of hot exoplanets is of high interest for the interpretation of the measured stellar radiation spectra absorbed by transiting exoplanets, as it significantly expands the possibilities for probing of a variety of physical and chemical characteristics of both the planets and their stars. Since 2003, the modeling of physical processes related with the mass loss of upper exoplanetary atmospheres passed a long way of development, from simple quasi-empirical analytical estimations to complex kinetic and (magneto)hydrodynamic numerical codes. The achieved level of modelling enables interpretation of the measured transit absorption in the lines of various elements and characterizing of the composition and dynamics of the escaping atmospheres of close-orbit ‘hot Jupiters and Neptunes’. At the same time, while the task of revealing of atmospheric composition is solved relatively straight forward - by the detection of particular spectral lines, which change their intensity during the planet transits, the characterization of escaping atmospheric flows and quantifying of the abundances of detected elements depend on the quality and capacity of the applied computational models and the adopted assumptions. On the other hand, the ability of numerical model to reproduce observations serves as verification of the model itself, validating its scientific consistency.
The project was aimed at the investigation and characterization of different regimes of the exoplanetary and stellar winds interaction, paying attention to their observational manifestations and the possible role of planetary magnetic field. Special focus was made on the simulation of complex dynamic environments of exoplanets, and interpretation of the real transmission spectroscopy data acquired in course of the project by partner astronomer teams. Usually, to fit the numerical simulations to observations, different artificial assumptions are made either regarding the stellar radiation flux, which to significant extend is a measurable parameter constrained by the nature of the star, or about the specifics of interaction of the stellar and planetary material flows, as well as on the role of different physical effects to be included in the modelling. In contrast, the global fully self-consistent 3D multi-fluid model, developed in the project, which simulates the escaping atmosphere of hot close-orbit exoplanets and the surrounding stellar wind, is free of such assumptions.
Most important results and brief description of their significance
Within the direction, dedicated to the analysis of the transit light curves, provided by the Kepler Space Telescope, to detect the photometric manifestations of possible optically opaque dusty structures in the streams of escaping planetary wind, a special technique was developed for analyzing the pre- and post-transit parts of the light curves. It is based on the calculation and statistic comparison of the flux gradients before and after the transit for the time intervals, which characterize different regions near the transiting object.
- Development of new methods
(i) Global 3D multi-fluid self-consistent model of the interacting stellar and planetary winds;
(ii) Simulation tool for the transmission spectroscopy phenomena on the basis of 3D (M)HD modelling;
(iii) Visualization tool for the 3D simulated data.
Effects of the project in other areas of science and beyond the scientific field
(A) The advanced global multi-fluid model developed in the project opens a way for the simulation of stellar weather processes in variety of stellar-planetary systems and to study the evolution of not only planetary objects, but also the astrosphere phenomena, like, e.g., stellar tori and secondary disks. The transmission spectroscopy simulator, integrated in the model, is of potential use for the search and analysis of possible biomarkers in exoplanetary systems.
(B) The created 3D visualization tool can be used to analyse any 3D data.
(C) The elaborated methodology for the analysis of ingress and egress parts of the transit light curves enabled revealing and correction of the discrepancies in the definition of parameters of transiting exoplanets in the Kepler database, obtained with traditional methods.
(D) Besides of the research work, the project participants took part in the RTD consortium the European H2020 project Europlanet-2020-RI.
Publications
I. Papers in peer-reviewed Journals:
- Khodachenko, M. L., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Fossati, L., Lammer, H., Rumenskikh, M.S., Berezutsky, A. G., Miroshnichenko, I. B., Efimof, M.A., Simulation of 10830 Å absorption with a 3D hydrodynamic model reveals the solar He abundance in upper atmosphere of WASP-107b, MNRAS: Letters, 2021, slab015 (DOI: doi.org 10.1093/mnrasl/slab015)
- Arkhypov, O.V., Khodachenko, M.L., Hanslmeier, A., Revealing of peculiar exoplanetary shadows from transit light-curves, Astron. & Astrophys., 2021, 646, A136 (DOI: doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039050).
- Owen, J.E., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Lammer, H., Fossati, L., Khodachenko, M.L., Hydrogen Dominated Atmospheres on Terrestrial Mass Planets: Evidence, Origin and Evolution, Space Sci. Rev., 2020, 216, 129 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00756-w)
- Shaikhislamov, I. F., Fossati, L., Khodachenko, M. L., Lammer, H., García Muñoz, A., Youngblood, A., Dwivedi, N. K., Rumenskikh, M. S., Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the upper atmosphere of π Men c: comparison with Lyα transit observations, Astron. & Astrophys., 2020a, 639, A109 (https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038363).
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko, M.L., Lammer, H., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Rumenskikh, M.S., Three-dimensional modelling of absorption by various species for hot Jupiter HD 209458b, MNRAS, 2020b, 491, 3435–3447 (DOI: doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3211, Open Access)
- Shaikhislamov, I. F., Khodachenko, M. L., Lammer, H., Berezutsky, A. G., Miroshnichenko, I. B., Rumenskikh, M. S., Global 3D hydrodynamic modeling of absorption in Lyα and He 10830 Å lines at transits of GJ3470b. MNRAS, 2020c, 500(1), 1404-1413 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2367).
- Kislyakova, K. G., Johnstone, C. P., Scherf, M., Holmstroem, M., Alexeev, I. I., Lammer, H., Khodachenko, M. L., Guedel, M., Evolution of the Earth’s polar outflow from mid-Archean to present, JGR Space Phys., 2020, 125, e2020JA027837, (DOI: doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027837).
- Arkhypov, O.V., Khodachenko, M.L., Hanslmeier, A., Dusty phenomena in the vicinity of giant exoplanets, Astron. & Astrophys., 2019, 631, A152 (DOI: doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936521)
- Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Lammer, H., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Rumenskikh, M.S., Kislyakova, K.G., Dwivedi, N.K., Global 3D hydrodynamic modeling of in-transit Lyα absorption of GJ436b, ApJ, 2019, 885:67 (DOI: doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab46a4, Open Access)
- Dwivedi, N. K., Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Fossati, L., Lammer, H. Sasunov, Y.L., Berezutskiy, A. G. Miroshnichenko, I. B., Kislyakova, K. G., Johnstone, C. P., Guedel, M., Modelling atmospheric escape and Mg II near-ultraviolet absorption of the highly irradiated hot Jupiter WASP-12b, MNRAS, 2019, 487, 4208–4220 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1345).
- Berezutsky, A. G., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Miroshnichenko, I. B., Rumenskikh, M. S., Khodachenko, M.L., Interaction of the Expanding Atmosphere with the Stellar Wind around Gliese 436b, Solar System Research, 2019, 53, No.2, p.138–145 (in Russian appeared in Astronomicheskii Vestnik, 2019, 53, p.147–154, ISSN 0038-0946) (DOI: 10.1134/S0038094619020011)
- Johnstone, C. P., Khodachenko, M.L., Lüftinger, T., Kislyakova, K. G., Lammer, H., Güdel, M., Extreme hydrodynamic losses of Earth-like atmospheres in the habitable zones of very active stars, Astron. & Astrophys., 2019, 624, L10 (DOI: doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935279, Open Access).
- Kislyakova, K. G., Holmström, M., Odert, P., Lammer, H., Erkaev, N. V., Khodachenko, M. L., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Dorfi, E., Güdel, M., Transit Lyman-α signatures of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of M dwarfs, Astron. & Astrophys., 2019, 623, id.A131 (DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833941).
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., M.L. Khodachenko, H. Lammer, A. G. Berezutsky, I. B. Miroshnichenko, M. S. Rumenskikh, 3D Aeronomy modelling of close-in exoplanets, MNRAS, 2018a, 481, 5315–5323 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2652)
- Shaikhislamov, I. F., Khodachenko, M. L., Lammer, H., Fossati, L., Dwivedi, N., Güdel, M., Kislyakova, K.G., Johnstone, C.P., Berezutsky, A. G., Miroshnichenko, I. B., Posukh, V.G., Erkaev, N.V., Ivanov, V.A., Modeling of absorption by heavy minor species for the hot Jupiter HD 209458b, Astrophysical Journal, 2018b, 866:47 (DOI: doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadf39 Open access).
- Ballester, J.L., Alexeev, I.I., Collados, M., Downes, T., Pfaff, R.F., Gilbert, H., Khodachenko, M.L., Khomenko, E., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Soler, R., Vázquez-Semadeni, E., Zaqarashvili, T., Partially Ionized Plasmas in Astrophysics, Space Sci. Rev. 2018, 214:58 (DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0485-6)
- Génot, V., Beigbeder, L., Popescu, D., Dufourg, N., Gangloff, M., Bouchemit, M., Caussarieu, S., Toniutti, J.-P., Durand, J., Modolo, R., André, N., Cecconi, B., Jacquey, C., Pitout, F., Rouillard, A., Pinto, R., Erard, S., Jourdane, N., Leclercq, L., Hess, S., Khodachenko, M.L., Al-Ubaidi, T., Scherf, M., Budnik, E., Science data visualization in planetary and heliospheric contexts with 3DView, Planetary and Space Science, 2018, 150, 111–130 (Open Access: doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.07.007)
- Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Lammer, H., Kislyakova, K.G., Fossati, L., Johnstone, C.P., Arkhypov, O.V., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Posukh, V.G., Lyα Absorption at Transits of HD 209458b: A Comparative Study of Various Mechanisms Under Different Conditions, Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 847:126 (DOI: doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa88ad)
- Weber, C., Lammer, H., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Chadney, J. M., Khodachenko, M. L., Grießmeier, J.-M., Rucker, H. O., Vocks, C., Macher, W., Odert, P., Kislyakova, K. G., How expanded ionospheres of Hot Jupiters can prevent escape of radio emission generated by the cyclotron maser instability, MNRAS, 2017a, 469, p.3505-3517 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1099).
- Erkaev N.V., Odert P., Lammer H., Kislyakova K.G., Fossati L., Mezentsev A.V., Johnstone C.P., Kubyshkina D.I., Shaikhislamov I.F., Khodachenko M.L., Effect of stellar wind induced magnetic fields on planetary obstacles of non-magnetized hot Jupiters, MNRAS, 2017, 470(4), 4330-4336 (DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1471)
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko, M.L., Lammer, H., Kislyakova, K.G., Fossati, L., Johnstone, C.P., Prokopov, P.A., Berezutsky, A.G., Zakharov, Yu.P., Posukh, V.G., Two regimes of interaction of a Hot Jupiter’s escaping atmosphere with the stellar wind and generation of energized atomic hydrogen corona, The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 832, art.id. 173 (DOI: dx.doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/173)
- Erkaev, N.V., Lammer, H., Odert, P., Kislyakova, K.G., Johnstone, C.P., Güdel, M., Khodachenko, M.L., EUV-driven mass-loss of protoplanetary cores with hydrogen-dominated atmospheres: the influences of ionization and orbital distance, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2016, 460, 1300-1309 (DOI:10.1093/mnras/stw935)
II. Papers in Proceedings of Conferences:
- Kislyakova, K., C. Johnstone, M. Scherf, M. Holmström, I. Alexeev, H. Lammer, M.L.Khodachenko, M. Güdel, Earth’s polar outflow evolution from mid-Archean to present, European Planetary Science Congress 2020, Göttingen, Sep 2020 (DOI: doi.org/10.5194/epsc2020-200).
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko M.L., Global 3D hydrodynamic modeling of GJ3470b and transit absorption in Lyα and He 10830 Å lines, European Planetary Science Congress 2020, Göttingen, Sep 2020 (DOI: doi.org/10.5194/epsc2020-147).
- Dwivedi, N.K., Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Fossati, L., Lammer, H., Sasunov, Y., Kislyakova, K.G., Johnstone, C.P., Güdel, M., 2020, A Hydrodynamic Modelling of Atmospheric Escape and Absorption Line of WASP-12b, in: IAU Symposium, p. 301–303 (DOI: 10.1017/S1743921319001480)
- Dwivedi, N.K., Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Al-Ubaidi, T., Fossati, L., Lammer, H., Berezutskiy, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Sasunov, Y., Güdel, M., A self-consistent three-dimensional aeronomy simulation of highly irradiated WASP-12b, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, Genf, Sep 2019, p. EPSC-DPS2019-451. (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-451-1.pdf).
- Khodachenko, M.L., O. Arkhypov, M. Güdel: Border variability of transit light-curves, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, Genf, Sep 2019 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-119-1.pdf).
- Khodachenko, M.L., O. Arkhypov, M. Güdel: Dusty phenomena in vicinity of exoplanets, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, Genf, Sep 2019 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-120-1.pdf).
- Khodachenko, M.L., O. Arkhypov, M. Güdel: Revealing of silhouette of an exoplanet from its transit light-curve, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, Genf, Sep 2019 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-121-1.pdf).
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko, M.L., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Rumenskikh, M.S., Dwivedi, N.K., Interpretation of transit observations of GJ436b by 3D gasdynamic modeling, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, Genf, Sep 2019 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-72-1.pdf).
- Dwivedi, N., Shaikhislamov, I., Khodachenko, M.L., Fossati, L., Lammer, H., Kislyakova, K., Johnstone, C., Güdel, M., Sasunov, Y., 2018, Multi-fluid modeling of upper atmosphere mass loss and absorption line for WASP-12b, in: European Planetary Science Congress, p. EPSC2018-303 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-303.pdf).
- Khodachenko, M.L., Shaikhislamov, I., Dwivedi, N., Lammer, H., Kislyakova, K., Fossati, L., Johnstone, C., Arkhypov, O., Berezutsky, A., Miroshnichenko, I., Posukh, V., 2018, In-transit Ly-alpha absorption by HD 209458b under different regimes of the planetary and stellar winds interaction, in: European Planetary Science Congress, p. EPSC2018-281 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-281.pdf).
- Miroshnichenko, I.B., Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko, M.L., Lammer, H., Berezutsky, A.G., 2018, Modeling of the UV absorption by OI and CII in exosphere of the hot jupiter HD 209458b, in: European Planetary Science Congress, p. EPSC2018-158 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-158.pdf).
- Shaikhislamov, I.F., Khodachenko, M.L., Al-Ubaidi, T., Lammer, H., Berezutsky, A.G., Miroshnichenko, I.B., Rumenskikh, M.S., 2018, Global 3D multi-fluid aeronomy simulation of the HD 209458b, in: European Planetary Science Congress, p. EPSC2018-151 (https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-151.pdf).
- Weber, C., Lammer, H., Shaikhislamov, I., Chadney, J.-M., Erkaev, N., Khodachenko,M.L., Griessmeier, J.-M., Rucker, H.O., Vocks, C., Macher, W., Odert, P., Kislyakova, K.-G., On the Cyclotron Maser Instability in Magnetospheres of Hot Jupiters - Influence of ionosphere models, in: Planetary Radio Emissions VIII, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop Held at Seggauberg, Austria, October 25-27, 2016, Edited by G. Fischer, G. Mann, M. Panchenko, and P. Zarka. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna, 2017b, pp. 317-329. (DOI: 10.1553/PRE8s317)