Free Variation in Grammar : : Empirical and Theoretical Approaches.
"Recent years have seen a growing interest in grammatical variation, a core explanandum of grammatical theory. The present volume explores questions that are fundamental to this line of research: First, the question of whether variation can always and completely be explained by intra- or extra-...
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Superior document: | Studies in Language Companion Series ; v.234 |
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Place / Publishing House: | Amsterdam/Philadelphia : : John Benjamins Publishing Company,, 2023. ©2023. |
Year of Publication: | 2023 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Series: | Studies in Language Companion Series
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Physical Description: | 1 online resource (360 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Free Variation in Grammar
- Editorial page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Table of contents
- Chapter 1 Free variation, unexplained variation?
- On the history of 'free variation'
- Free variation
- Investigating free variation
- This volume
- Identifying and measuring free variation
- Free variation and language change
- Free variation? Look harder!
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Section 1 Identifying and measuring free variation
- Chapter 2 How free is the position of German object pronouns?
- 1. Introduction
- 2. What governs the position of object pronouns?
- 3. Experiments 1-3
- 3.1 Experiment 1
- 3.1.1 Method
- Participants
- Materials
- Procedure
- Scoring
- 3.1.2 Results
- 3.1.3 Discussion
- 3.2 Experiment 2
- 3.2.1 Method
- Participants
- Materials
- Procedure
- 3.2.2 Results
- 3.2.3 Discussion
- 3.3 Experiment 3
- 3.3.1 Method
- Participants
- Materials
- Procedure
- 3.3.2 Results
- 3.3.3 Discussion
- 4. General discussion
- References
- Chapter 3 Optionality in the syntax of Germanic traditional dialects
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Non-true optionality (Level 2)
- 2.1 Apparent optionality
- 2.2 Evidence of apparent optionality
- 2.3 Interim summary
- 2.4 False optionality
- 2.5 Evidence of false optionality
- 2.6 Discussion and interim summary
- 3. True optionality
- 3.1 Evidence of true optionality
- 3.2 The simple negation/negative spread alternation from a diachronic perspective
- 4. Summary
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 4 Non-verbal plural number agreement. Between the distributive plural and singular
- 1. Introduction, structure and relevance of the chapter
- 1.1 Distributive plural in the literature
- 1.2 The distributive plural - the general norm and blocking factors
- 1.2.1 Avoidance of ambiguity
- 1.2.2 Fossilisation/the force of invariability.
- 1.2.3 Singularisation to achieve generalisation
- 1.2.4 Countability-related factor(s)
- 1.2.5 The wish to indicate joint possession
- 1.2.6 The wish to convey ideas of a figurative, abstract or universal kind
- 1.2.7 Do blocking factors always block?
- 1.2.8 Classification of blocking factors according to their strength
- 2. Free variation
- 3. The distributive plural and singular displayed by selected expressions in English corpora
- 3.1 Methodology
- 3.2 Results
- 3.2.1 Results
- 3.2.2 Results
- 3.3 Comparison of the datasets
- 4. Genre and free variation
- 5. Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Language corpora &
- dictionaries
- Software
- Chapter 5 'Optional' direct objects: Free variation?
- 1. Human behaviour, flying saucers and the afterlife, or
- 2. Modelling variation
- 2.1 Rules for allophones in free and complementary distribution
- 2.2 Polysemy, polymorphy and partially equivalent distribution
- 3. Valency, constructions and optional complements
- 3.1 Verbs between polysemy and polymorphy
- 3.2 Optional direct objects
- 3.2.1 'Topic drop'
- 3.2.2 'Lexical ellipses'
- 3.2.3 'DNI' vs 'INI'
- 3.2.4 Non-lexical DNI
- 4. Empirical study
- 4.1 Methods
- 4.2 Do activity templates license valency reductions?
- 4.2.1 Setting
- 4.2.2 Results
- 5. Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Appendix A. Cover sheet of questionnaire no. 35, incl. translations and comments
- Appendix B. Results
- Section 2 Free variation and language change
- Chapter 6 Variation and change in the Aanaar Saami conditional perfect
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 The Saami conditional and its perfect
- 1.2 Data and methods of the present study
- 2. The Aanaar Saami conditional perfect and its variation across the data
- 3. Possible determinants of the variation
- 3.1 Person and number
- 3.2 Main verb.
- 3.3 Type of clause
- 3.4 Polarity
- 3.5 Dialect
- 3.6 Speaker generation
- 3.7 Significance and interplay of the variables
- 4. Discussion
- 5. Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- References
- Sources of data and examples
- Chapter 7 Stability of inflectional variation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Varying forms
- 2.1 Morphological variation
- 2.2 Overabundance
- 2.3 Free morphological variation
- 2.4 Excursus - phonological variation
- 3. Phenomenon
- 3.1 The Swiss German indefinite article
- 3.2 dat.masc/neutr of the indefinite article in Zurich German
- 3.3 Zurich German
- 4. Corpus study
- 4.1 Data and data collection
- 4.2 Data analysis and results
- 4.2.1 Findings in the historical corpus
- 4.2.2 Findings in the modern corpus
- 4.2.3 Intrapersonal variation
- 5. Emergence of emene and of overabundance
- 6. Results
- 7. Summary
- Bibliography
- Chapter 8 Resemanticising 'free' variation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Development of the V1 conditional in West Germanic
- 3. Methods
- 3.1 Coding and behaviour properties of conditional clauses
- 3.2 Corpus
- 3.3 Operationalisation
- 3.4 Model building
- 4. Results
- 4.1 Semantic and syntactic effects
- 4.2 Lexical effects
- 5. Discussion and conclusion
- Funding
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Appendix
- Section 3 Free variation? Look harder!
- Chapter 9 Syntactic priming and individual preferences
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Persistence and individual variation
- 3. The case study
- 3.1 Data
- 3.2 Persistence as a predictor of the variation between -ra and -se
- 3.3 Modelling the influence of individual preferences
- 3.4 Discussion of results
- 4. Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 10 Optionality, variation and categorial properties
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Plural marking in Yucatec
- 3. Variation unexplained.
- 3.1 Morphosyntactic analysis of the Yucatec plural marker
- 3.2 Interpretation of the plural morpheme
- 3.2.1 Degree of animacy
- 3.2.2 Argument structure
- 3.2.3 Numerical quantification
- 3.3 Not a case of free variation
- 4. The condition of the variation
- 4.1 Individuation and (pseudo-)partitivity
- 4.2 Analysis
- 4.3 Compositionality
- 4.3.1 Pluralised nouns
- 4.3.2 Numeral-classifiers with bare nouns
- 4.3.3 Numeral classifiers with pluralised nouns
- 5. Further discussion
- 6. Conclusion
- Funding
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- References
- Chapter 11 Variation of deontic constructions in spoken Catalan
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Free variation in language
- 3. Deontic verbal constructions in Catalan
- 3.1 Catalan deontic constructions and linguistic factors
- 3.2 Sociolinguistic factors and variation in Catalan
- 4. Methodology
- 5. Results
- 6. Discussion of results and possible future lines of research
- 7. Can variationist linguistics prove the (non)existence of free variation?
- 8. Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Index.