Research on new substances and techniques that aim at improving learning abilities and intelligence have an ambivalent image. In NERRI, scientists, policy-makers, industry, civil society groups and the wider public engaged in mutual learning (MML) activities.
NERRI aimed at contributing to the introduction of Responsible Research and Innovation in neuro-enhancement (NE) in the European Research Area and to the shaping of a normative framework underpinning the governance of NE technologies. This was achieved through mobilisation and mutual learning (MML) activities engaging scientists, policy-makers, industry, civil society groups and the wider public.
To structure this complex socio-technical domain an Analytic Classification of NE technologies into currently available methods, experimental and hypothetical technologies was proposed. Each of the types raise some fundamental ethical, legal, social and economic issues, which have different relevance to various societal groups, point at different methods of stakeholder engagement, and require different regulatory approaches. Over the course of the project the Analytic Classification was developed and extended in the work packages.
Mobilisation formed the central commitment of the project from the outset to the conclusion. WP2 started with a reconnaissance of the field of NE and the mobilisation of scientists and other stakeholders. Based on the Analytic Classification, WP3 stimulated and organized a broad societal dialogue employing state-of-the-art engagement methodologies tailored to specific issues and stakeholders. In particular, the project focused on the hopes, fears and expectations of the wider public. WP4 synthesised the national experiences andmapped the contours of a normative framework as it emerged from societal engagement and dialogue and elaborate the concept of RRI in Europe. WP5 aimed to maximise the impact of the project outcomes throughout Europe through a variety of dissemination strategies.
The consortium comprised experts in the neurocognitive sciences, the social sciences and humanities and science communication.
Neuroenhancement involves the use of neurotechnologies to improve cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning, where these are not judged to be clinically impaired. Questions about enhancement have become one of the key topics of neuroethics over the past decade. The current study draws on in-depth public engagement activities in ten European countries giving a bottom-up perspective on the ethics and desirability of enhancement. This informed the design of an online contrastive vignette experiment that was administered to representative samples of 1000 respondents in the ten countries and the United States. The experiment investigated how the gender of the protagonist, his or her level of performance, the efficacy of the enhancer and the mode of enhancement affected support for neuroenhancement in both educational and employment contexts. Of these, higher efficacy and lower performance were found to increase willingness to support enhancement. A series of commonly articulated claims about the individual and societal dimensions of neuroenhancement were derived from the public engagement activities. Underlying these claims, multivariate analysis identified two social values. The Societal/Protective highlights counter normative consequences and opposes the use enhancers. The Individual/Proactionary highlights opportunities and supports use. For most respondents these values are not mutually exclusive. This suggests that for many neuroenhancement is viewed simultaneously as a source of both promise and concern.
Ist Neuroenhancement, die pharmakologisch oder mit Hilfe von Magnetfeldern oder Schwachstrom bewirkte Steigerung der Hirnleistung, (noch) ein Thema für Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA)? Neuroenhancement galt lange als gesellschaftlich brisante Entwicklung im Dunstkreis der Converging Technologies, befeuert durch transhumanistische Vorstellungen einer kognitiv über sich selbst hinauswachsenden Menschheit. Der Missbrauch existierender Pharmaka und die Verfügbarkeit einschlägiger (ungeprüfter) Geräte schienen Nachfrage und Brisanz zu untermauern. TA-Studien und andere Untersuchungen kamen allerdings zum Ergebnis, dass gängige Verfahren kaum wirksam sind, dass der Neuentwicklung grundsätzliche und institutionelle Hindernisse entgegenstehen und dass kaum medizinischer Bedarf besteht. Dennoch wurden in den letzten Jahren insbesondere individuelle und gesellschaftliche Folgen einer hypothetischen Anwendung bearbeitet, wobei man – Realisierungsprobleme hintanstellend – implizit von wachsender Verbreitung ausging. So sollte das EU-Projekt NERRI „gegenseitiges Lernen“ der Stakeholder und die breite öffentliche Debatte fördern. Mittlerweile hat sich Ernüchterung bezüglich der Realisierbarkeit eingestellt und der Fokus auf bestehende gesellschaftliche Problemlagen verlagert, die mit Neuroenhancement zu bestimmten Folgen führen könnten. Ob eine solche Konstellation für TA interessant ist bzw. was am Thema Neuroenhancement weiterhin für TA relevant sein könnte, wird in dem Beitrag diskutiert.
Boosting the performance of the brain is an old dream still unfulfilled.
-> Approaches to enhance its capabilities range from drugs to brain stimulation or brain-computer interfaces.
-> Besides therapeutic success with long-known drugs in ill people, almost no effects have been proven.
-> Options for action include establishing a governance framework, adapting medical regulation and following fundamental rights.
Author: Helge Torgersen
-> Die Steigerung menschlicher Hirnleistung ist ein alter, aber immer noch unerfüllter Traum.
-> Die Ansätze reichen von Medikamenten über die elektrische oder magnetische Stimulation bis hin zu Hirn-Computer-Schnittstellen.
-> Außer therapeutischen Wirkungen bei kranken Personen konnten bisher kaum Effekte nachgewiesen werden.
-> Handlungsoptionen sind u.a. ein eigener regulatorischer Rahmen, die Anpassung der Medizinregulierung und ein grundrechtsbezogener Ansatz.
Autor: Helge Torgersen
03/2013 - 05/2016